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20-20-20: la nuova Politica Energetica Europea PDF Stampa E-mail
 
13-06-2008 09:47
Pagina vista 10236

images2.jpgIl punto sul pacchetto 20-20-20


Il pacchetto di direttive proposto dalla Commissione europea il 23 gennaio punta a ridurre del 20% le emissioni di CO2 (rispetto ai livelli del 1990) e risponde agli impegni assunti dal Consiglio europeo di marzo 2007. In tale sede l’accordo del 20-20-20 era stato siglato per facilitare un accordo globale “Post-Kyoto” alla Conferenza di Bali dello scorso dicembre. Ci si aspettava che a Bali fossero definiti gli obiettivi e le strategie per ridurre su scala globale le emissioni di anidride carbonica, coinvolgimento USA, Cina, India e gli altri paesi che fino a oggi non rientrano nel Protocollo di Kyoto.


Tuttavia la Conferenza di Bali, nonostante il riconoscimento della necessità di riduzioni significative delle emissioni globali, non ha indicato alcun obiettivo concreto, né per i paesi sviluppati né per quelli in via di sviluppo, come invece auspicava l’Unione Europea.

Alla luce delle conclusioni di Bali, il “pacchetto” Clima/Energia accentua la posizione unilaterale dell’Europa, che dovrà sostenere uno sforzo economico e industriale che non ha riscontro in analoghi impegni delle economie sviluppate ed emergenti, con un risultato marginale in termini di riduzione delle emissioni globali di CO2. Infatti, una riduzione del 20% delle emissioni europee corrisponde a meno del 4% su scala globale. Questo per effetto dell’aumento della domanda di energia primaria mondiale, sostenuta dai combustibili fossili: si calcola che nel 2020 le emissioni di CO2 saranno superiori di oltre il 60% ai livelli del 1990.
La Cina è la maggior responsabile di tale aumento, e già alla fine del 2007 ha ereditato dagli USA il ruolo di maggior “emettitore” al mondo. L’India raggiungerà la terza posizione di questa speciale classifica intorno al 2015.

 

 

Il “primato” della Cina e dell’India è ascrivibile all’aumento vertiginoso della domanda primaria, soddisfatta dal carbone (oltre il 60%) per la generazione di elettricità e calore, e dal petrolio per i consumi del settore trasporti (+600% dei veicoli circolanti).
Il IV Rapporto sui Cambiamenti Climatici, adottato dall’Unione Europea come riferimento per la propria politica climatica, ha indicato che entro la metà del secolo le emissioni globali dovrebbero essere ridotte di almeno la metà rispetto al 1990. I dati suggeriscono che una politica efficace dovrebbe puntare anzitutto allo sviluppo di tecnologie e combustibili innovativi per ridurre l’intensità di carbonio dei sistemi energetici, e proprio a partire dalle economie che registrano la maggiore crescita delle emissioni, come Cina e India. Le conclusioni di Bali, invece, lasciano queste economie al di fuori da qualunque impegno, seppur sia ormai evidente che senza la loro partecipazione al cambiamento del sistema energetico globale, lo sforzo sarà vano.
Le conclusioni di Bali avrebbero dovuto consigliare un cambio di prospettiva della politica europea, e invece si continua a procedere con un approccio unilaterale per ridurre le emissioni di CO2 che è tanto oneroso (tra lo 0,6% e l’1% del PIL/anno) quanto poco efficace. L’UE si focalizza solo sul mercato interno, nella speranza il buon esempio possa convincere a impegnarsi anche le altre economie, ed è significativo a questo proposito il ruolo marginale che il pacchetto “affida” all’unico meccanismo globale del Protocollo di Kyoto, il Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Ancora, la risposta dell’Unione Europea al deludente risultato di Bali dovrebbe inserirsi in una prospettiva globale, legata allo sviluppo delle tecnologie in collaborazione con le economie emergenti e valorizzando le potenzialità del CDM, per coinvolgere anche i maggiori “emettitori” nel progetto di riduzione delle emissioni. Così, gli obiettivi dovrebbero essere misurati in termini di investimenti adeguati in Europa e nei paesi terzi e tali investimenti dovrebbero essere incentivati fiscalmente o con meccanismi del tipo “crediti di carbonio”.
Solo in questo caso gli impegni europei diventerebbero una leva competitiva per le nostre imprese, e l’Europa potrebbe assumere il ruolo di “hub globale” dell’innovazione tecnologica per la protezione del clima e trarne effetti benefici per la propria economia.
Invece il “pacchetto” del 23 gennaio, segue il modello del Protocollo di Kyoto che ha già mancato i propri obiettivi, ed è stato fondamentalmente respinto a Bali.

 

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Tags : 202020, 20/20/20, 20-20-20, UE 20-20-20
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